Direction Fields — Question 2

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Question 2

Consider the autonomous equation y′=y(2−y).y'=y(2-y). You may use the following fact: for this smooth right-hand side, two solution curves cannot intersect at a common point unless they coincide on their common interval. Assume the solution with y(0)=1y(0)=1 exists for all x≥0x\ge 0.

Tasks

  1. Explain why the direction field repeats horizontally, and find all horizontal solution lines.

  2. Determine the slope sign in each region separated by those lines. Draw the field for −1≤x≤2-1\le x\le 2 and −1≤y≤3-1\le y\le 3 in your solution.

  3. Prove that the solution with y(0)=1y(0)=1 remains between 00 and 22 and is increasing for x≥0x\ge 0.

  4. Determine its limit as x→∞x\to\infty. Justify why a limiting value strictly below 22 would contradict the differential equation; do not solve the equation explicitly.

Original worksheet page 1: question and worked solution for 1-2-002
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Question 2 – Solution

Strategy. Read the signs between horizontal zero-slope lines, then use nonintersection and a bounded-monotone argument.

Step 1: Field structure. The slope depends only on yy, so it is the same along every horizontal row. Constant solutions require y(2−y)=0y(2-y)=0, giving y=0 and y=2\boxed{y=0\text{ and }y=2}. The sign is negative for y<0y<0, positive for 0<y<20<y<2, and negative for y>2y>2.

See the diagram in the original worksheet below.

Step 2: Confinement and monotonicity. Starting at 11, a continuous solution could leave (0,2)(0,2) only by meeting one of the equilibrium solutions. The stated nonintersection fact excludes this. Therefore 0<y(x)<2,y′(x)>0(x≥0).\boxed{0<y(x)<2,\qquad y'(x)>0\quad(x\ge 0).} Since y(0)=1y(0)=1, the function is bounded below by 11 on this half-line.

Step 3: Limit without an explicit formula. An increasing function bounded above by 22 has a limit LL with 1≤L≤21\le L\le 2. If L<2L<2, continuity of g(y)=y(2−y)g(y)=y(2-y) gives g(L)>0g(L)>0 and, eventually, y′(x)≥g(L)/2=:c>0y'(x)\ge g(L)/2=:c>0. Integrating from a sufficiently large XX yields y(x)≥y(X)+c(x−X),y(x)\ge y(X)+c(x-X), contradicting the upper bound 22. Thus lim⁡x→∞y(x)=2\boxed{\displaystyle\lim_{x\to\infty}y(x)=2}. The limit is approached from below, without touching the equilibrium at any finite xx.

Original worksheet page 2: question and worked solution for 1-2-002

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